The Origins of Slavery essays

The Origins of Slavery essays Slavery was not preconceived, but it was inevitable. This can be seen by the accidents and coincidences that occurred in the early 17th century. When a Dutch trader had been blown off course, the first ship of African slaves arrived in 1619 by accident. After the arrival in 1619, it was cheaper to buy indentured servants. This resulted in the population of slaves growing slowly at first. But, as the number of indentured servants decreased, more slaves were needed in the colonies because there was a labor shortage. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries statutes were being written to deal with the growing number of slaves. Virginia's statutes illustrate this: All servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not Christians in their native country, shall be accounted as slaves, and as such be here bought and sold... By the mid 18th century stereotypes were being created to rationalize slavery because slaves were present in every colony up and down the coast. Eventually rationalization led to a way of life for the English colonists. The gradual shift from indentured servants to slaves began when a Dutch slave trader exchanged his cargo of 20 Africans for food because he had been blown off course. The colonists did not have any slaves prior to this occurrence; all the colonists had in terms of alternative labor had been indentured servants. This resulted in the labeling of the Africans as indentured servants. It also meant that African slaves had the social status of a poor Englishman, and one day could eventually be free. At the same time in the Chesapeake, production was booming and the colonists in the Chesapeake couldn't get enough indentured servants no matter how fast they came over. This led to the supply of indentured servants drying up, and at the same time more slaves were becoming available. This happening left only on ...

USS Illinois (BB-65) in World War II

USS Illinois (BB-65) in World War II USS Illinois (BB-65) was a battleship that was laid down during World War II (1939-1945) but never completed. First proposed as a ship of the massive Montana-class of battleship, Illinois was re-ordered in 1940 as the fifth vessel of the US Navys Iowa-class. As work commenced, the US Navy found that it had a more pressing need for aircraft carriers than battleships. This led to efforts to convert Illinois into a carrier. The resulting designs proved impractical and construction resumed on the battleship but at a slow speed. In early August 1945, with Illinois only 22% complete, the US Navy elected to cancel the ship. Some debate ensued regarding completing the hull for use in nuclear testing, but the cost proved prohibitive and the decision was made to break up what had been built. A New Design In early 1938, work commenced on a new battleship design at the request of US Navy General Board head Admiral Thomas C. Hart. At first conceived as a larger version of the earlier  South Dakota-class, the new battleships were to mount twelve 16 guns or nine 18 guns.  As the design was revised, the armament changed to nine 16 guns. In addition, the class anti-aircraft complement underwent several evolutions with the majority of its 1.1 weapons being replaced with 20 mm and 40 mm guns. Funding for the new ships came in May with the approval of the Naval Act of 1938. Designated the  Iowa-class, construction of the lead ship,  USS  Iowa  (BB-61), was assigned to the New York Navy Yard. Laid down in 1940,  Iowa  was to be the first of four battleships in the class. Fast Battleships Though hull numbers BB-65 and BB-66 were originally slated to be the first two ships of the new, larger  Montana-class, the passage of the Two Ocean Navy Act in July 1940 saw them re-designated as two additional  Iowa-class  battleships named USS  Illinois  and USS  Kentucky  respectively. As fast battleships, their 33-knot speed would allow them to serve as escorts for the new  Essex-class  carriers that were joining the fleet.   Unlike the preceding  Iowa-class ships (Iowa,  New Jersey,  Missouri, and  Wisconsin),  Illinois  and  Kentucky  were to employ all-welded construction which reduced weight while increasing hull strength.  Some debate was also given as to whether to retain the heavy armor scheme initially intended for the  Montana-class. Though this would have improved the vessels protection, it would also have greatly extended construction time. As a result, standard  Iowa-class armor was ordered. One adjustment that was made in the design was to alter elements of the armor scheme to improve protection against torpedo attacks.   USS Illinois (BB-65) - Overview Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  Philadelphia  Naval ShipyardLaid Down:  December 6, 1942Fate: Scrapped, September 1958 Specifications (Planned) Displacement:  45,000 tonsLength:  887.2 ft.Beam:  108 ft., 2 in.Draft:  28.9  ft.Speed:  33  knotsComplement: 2,788 Armament (Planned) Guns 9 Ãâ€" 16 in./50 cal Mark 7 guns20 Ãâ€" 5 in./38 cal Mark 12 guns80 Ãâ€" 40 mm/56 cal anti-aircraft guns49 Ãâ€" 20 mm/70 cal anti-aircraft cannons Construction The second ship to carry the name USS Illinois, the first being an Illinois-class battleship (BB-7) commissioned in 1901, BB-65 was laid down at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on January 15, 1945.  The delay in the start of construction came as a result of the US Navy putting the battleship on hold following the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway. In the wake of these engagements, the need for additional aircraft carriers became apparent and these types of vessels took priority in American shipyards. As a result, naval architects began exploring plans for converting Illinois and Kentucky (under construction since 1942) into carriers. The finalized conversion plan would have produced two vessels similar in appearance to the Essex-class. In addition to their aircraft complement, they would have carried twelve 5 guns in four twin and four single mounts. Assessing these plans, it was soon determined that the converted battleships aircraft complement would be smaller than the Essex-class and that the construction process would take longer and cost more than was practical.   Due to this, the decision was made to complete both vessels as battleships but very low priority was given to their construction.  Work moved forward on Illinois in early 1945 and continued into the summer.   With victory over Germany and the impending defeat of Japan, the US Navy ordered construction on the battleship to cease on August 11. Struck from the Naval Vessel Registry the next day, some thought was later given to using the vessels hulk as a target for nuclear testing. When the cost of completing the hull to permit this use was determined and concluded to be too high, the decision to break up the vessel on the ways was made. Scrapping of Illinois incomplete hull commenced in September 1958.

Effects of Raising the Head of the Bed on Reducing Ventilator-acquired Research Paper

Effects of Raising the Head of the Bed on Reducing Ventilator-acquired Pneumonia - Research Paper Example From this discussion it is clear that some of the problems associated with VAP include; lengthy hospitalization, increased mortality rate ranging from 20%-70% ,depending on the patients’ medical condition, rise in hospital cost of health care ranging from $5,880 to over $20000 for every incidence. VAP makes up to half of all cases of nosocomial pneumonia incidents with nearly 50% of all antimicrobial agents administered in ICU for treating VAP. Studies show that manipulating the patient’s position by raising head of bed plays a crucial role in preventing VAP. Besides helping the intubated patient to assume certain positions of comfort, elevating the head of bed plays the modest role in lowering risk of ventilator –acquired pneumonia. This essay declares that raising head of bed is seen as the cheapest preventive measure for VAP that must be adopted in ICU and any other hospital unit nursing intubated patients that require a long hospital stay to recover. It is le ss costly to employ such type of preventive measure than to wait for the infection to occur then treat it. Critically ill patients have compromised respiratory function; hence VAP will worsen their conditions leading to poor patient outcome. Exploring on the effect of raising the head of the bed on reducing ventilator-acquired pneumonia reveals more than just the art of positioning, but also the scientific rationale behind it. This study seeks to dig up existing information on the importance of patient positioning in preventing respiratory complications during hospitalization. The main purpose is to find out the effect of raising the head of the bed on the cases of VAP. Understanding the effects of raising head of bed as a way of preventing VAP help nurses to achieve patient satisfaction, increased quality outcome and shorten the period of hospitalization.

Proposal Argument Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument - Research Proposal Example Indeed, looking at the recent trends in the healthcare industry, one is forced to raise the question: Are good hospitals really accessible/ affordable to the poor? In the changing economic scenario, guaranteed employment is not a feasible option. In the recent years, increasing number of Americans have inadequate or have no health insurance cover because of unemployment. According to Enthovan ‘more than 45 millions U.S. residents do not have access to health care (Enthoven, 2003). Lack of public funding and the increasing cost of healthcare deliverables has become a huge concern. Falling sick has become a luxury that very few people are able to afford. Deckard says that ‘compared to other industrialized nations, the United States has shown the greatest reluctance to move into a unified publicly owned and financed healthcare system’ (Deckard, 2006) which has adversely affected the socio-economic outcomes of the nation. Bradford Kirkman-Liff, professor of health policy and biotechnology at Arizona State University has elaborated on the cause and factors of the deteriorating healthcare system in United States (Bradford, video). Interesting, the increasing numbers of baby boomers have become the major beneficiaries of the patchy public funded healthcare resulting in ‘increased use and... we won’t be able to assure baby boomers that high-quality health care †¦ nor will we be able to assure the generation paying for this care that we won’t bankrupt it in the process’ (Ganim & Reinhardt, 2004). Hence, the need for comprehensive feedback of delivery system and a careful consideration to all the various pros and cons of the developing situations in the public health care has become the need of the hour. In the last few decades, United State has seen a marked shift in the healthcare which has moved from public driven policies to market funded paradigms. According to scholars, the migration of healthcare

Innovation in Hospitality Essay Example for Free

Innovation in Hospitality Essay Innovation is seen as difficult in many countries around the world, innovation strategies are not inclusive to all countries but vary in each country. To minimise the situation within these countries many firms in particular small business see innovation as a high financial commitment that may also be very risky to the business operations. The reason for this tendency is due to the limited hospitality innovation studies needed as a foundation to support managements perception of the theory. The availability of studies has the ability to encourage innovation that may not be detrimental to finances depending on the level of innovation selected. However innovation brings many other barriers and challenges that hinder the successful implementation of innovation: unqualified employees, knowledge, lack of understanding of the relationship between product and the market, high staff culture turnover, strategy-related factors etc. On the other hand hospitality firms used the following three approaches to innovation to successfully undertake innovation: innovation process strategy, continuous improvement theory and strategy as practice perspective. These innovation approaches are used a survival tool to combat against competition and it brings about benefits to the business: improved quality and brand image, knowledge sharing, customer satisfaction, increase in profits. Is innovation difficult within the hospitality industry.? First of all it may be useful to know what is the definition of innovation. Most definitions of innovation vary across the industry. Bessant and Francis (1999) defined innovation as an organisations wide process of sustained and focused incremental innovation where as Cooper (2002) defined innovation as the innovation process strategy for driving new food concepts from the initial stage right through to the final stage.

Standard Oil 1911 :: essays research papers

Standard Oil Case of 1911 Out of the cases decided by the Supreme Court I feel the most influential dealt with the issue of Civil Rights. Two cases in particular that dealt with the post Civil War use of the Thirteenth Amendment were Jones v. Mayer, 1968 and Runyan v. McCrary, 1976. Although the Thirteenth Amendment was added to the constitution in 1865 it was not fully put to use until one hundred years later. That is why I feel that the judgements made by the Supreme Court in these two cases was necessary and showed the way our government can evolve to fit the times. The thirteenth stated that slavery would no longer be allowed in the U.S. unless used as punishment for a convicted crime. After the Civil War many civil rights laws were passed based on the Thirteenth Amendment but were later repealed. Congress drew the conclusion that racial discrimination did not place blacks in servitude. For years after it was believed that Congress did not have the power under the amendment to deal with racial discri mination. In the Jones v. Mayer case of 1968 helped to bring back the power of a lost Thirteenth civil rights law. The law stated that all citizens of The United States had the right to purchase, sell, or rent any territory that could be enjoyed by white citizens. Jones had sued Mayer because he refused to sell him a home because he was black. The Court decided for Jones saying the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and gives to Congress to abolish the "badges of slavery." In the 1976 Runyan v. McCrary case, two black students had been refused admittance into two private schools in Virginia. The Court applied another 1866 law that stated all citizens of The United States had the right to make and enforce contracts as do white citizens. Since the schools went against their publicly advertised admissions contract the Court decided for the students. These two cases are very influential because they used the Thirteenth Amendment to give Congress the right to do away with any rem aining "Badges of Slavery." Two cases that were not justly decided were Plessy v. Ferguson and Michael M. v. Superior Court. In Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court decided that having separated but equal facilities was constitutional and did not inflict a "badge of slavery." However this gave people the right to segregation and discrimination which is unconstitutional.

Characteristic of partnership Essay

Identify and explain any FOUR (4) characteristics of a partnership. A partnership means a business is founded by two or more individuals, for example like small businesses which including retail or services business. There are certain characteristic for partnership, the first characteristic is partnership is limited life. Partnership may only established in certain year based on the partnership agreement. Partnership is easy to be terminate if one of the partner is death, bankruptcy or do not carry out certain responsibility if there is no such agreement is made. When a partner is being withdraws or added, the business should make a new partnership agreement if they wish to continue operate in partnership. This partnership’s business can be continue if with proper provisions and termination or withdrawal of partner in a partnership will not bring a big impact toward ongoing business operations. In a partnership, partners are agents, so that it is mutual agency. A partner may l egally bind to the partnership agreement that in line with the partnership’s operations. Before start a partnership, it is very important to know their potential partnerships is because most partnerships agreement create unlimited liability for its partners. A partner may limit another partner’s ability enter into contracts on the company’s behalf, however this limitation is only applies if the third party is aware of the limitation. It is their responsibility to inform third parties regarding the ability of their partner which is limited enter into contracts. Third, partnership is unlimited liability, this is because partners involved may use their personal assets to fulfill the partnership debts when the partnership cannot achieve its obligations. A partner may held individually for liable to the payment of creditor if another partner is insufficient assets to meet the share of the partnership’s debt. General partnership is mean a partnership which all of the partners are individually liable. There are two classes of partners in limited partnership, it is happened when investors do not want to risk their asset and do not actively involved in the business. A limited partnership must include at least one general partner who maintains unlimited liability. The liability of other partners is limited to the amount of their investments. Therefore, they are called limited partners. Besides that, partnership is ease of formation when compare to other business because it is less requirement to start up. It is also relative  lack of regulation due to govermental regulation. Reporting requirement are mainly in written form that cater for corporation. Although the number of sole proprietors and partnerships exceeds the number of corporations, the level of sales and profits generated by corporations are much greater. Decision making is tend to work well among partnership, if there is large number of partners that involved in business will make the decision making process become much more difficult.